Human Rights And Community Development - 919 Words

An understanding and a commitment to fundamental human rights is also an important principle of community development. Human rights are important for community work in both the negative sense the protection of human rights and the positive sense the promotion of human rights (Ife, 1995). In the negative sense it is important that any community development project conform to the principles of basic human rights. Community structures should be established in such a way that they do not contravene these principles. For example, the right to meaningful work, the right to freedom of association and the right to freedom of expression need to be safeguarded. In the more positive sense the achievement of the ideals of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ca be used as a goal for community development. The right to an adequate standard of living, the right to education, the right to participate in the cultural life of the community, the right to self-determination and the right of the fa mily to protection and assistance should be the focus for community development (Ife, 1995). In the case study, before Ela Bhatt done something there was no human right for women of Ahmedabad, female literacy rate is less than half for males because girls are much less likely to be sent to school. Their humanity is so minimally acknowledged that killing a wife in order to take another wife and get another dowry is one of the major sufferings addressed by the women’s movement. Ela Bhatt used humanShow MoreRelatedSocial Justice is Vital in Relationship to Social Policy705 Words   |  3 PagesSocial justice is extremely important particularly in relation to social policy, social work practice and community development as it seeks to alleviate oppression and relates to the suitable distribution of resources and services (Cheyne, OBrien, Belgrave, 2008). This form of justice is recognized as distributive justice as it is concerned with the fair distribution of all resources tha t are required for well-being and it seeks to ensure all people have equal opportunity and enjoyment of allRead MoreTheoretical Traditions and Community Development1383 Words   |  6 Pagesthey relate to the practice of community development. Social theory seeks to explain change in society, how it develops, what factors facilitate and inhibit it and what results from it. 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Cis11 Assessment 1 Free Essays

Safety Styles Pty Ltd Financial Information Ratios and Financial Data Profitability201020112012 Return on assets30. 2%31. 46%31. We will write a custom essay sample on Cis11 Assessment 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 48% Return on equity32. 62%34. 02%34. 07% Gross profit margin57. 55%57. 51%57. 93% Net profit margin16. 04%13. 90%14. 35% Efficiency Asset turnover (times)1. 882. 262. 19 Inventory turnover (days)95. 6290. 5595. 10 Accounts receivable turnover (days)50. 3742. 6645. 16 Liquidity Current ratio4. 124. 13. 91 Quick asset ratio2. 462. 452. 21 Capital Structure Gearing ratio2. 372. 62. 54 Safety Styles Pty Ltd Application Decision It would be my recommendation to grant Safety Styles their application for additional finance. Profitability: Safety Styles Pty Ltd has demonstrated in is able to generate and increase its profits as demonstrated through the healthy Gross and Net Profit Margins. It should be noted during this three year period Safety Styles Pty Ltd has maintained and increased the Gross Profit margin, Safety Styles Pty Ltd has also maintained a healthy Net Profit Margin. Although dropping slightly the second year they have managed to improve this in their third year increasing their overall profitability Safety Styles has also increased both its Return on Assets and Return on Equity, this demonstrates the ability of the company to efficiently make use of its assets and equity which ultimately reduces requirements for more funding and reduces cost making better use of what they currently have. Efficiency: Safety Styles Pty Ltd appears on average over the last three years to be improving its efficiency to make better use of their assets and turning over their inventory. Safety should also focus on this area and strive to improve their efficiency. Whilst the values may seem quiet higher their total sales amount has raised which may not be taken into account with averages. Safety Styles may need to revisit their inventory strategy as their turn over period is quite high; this would be a benefit for them in the long term by having quicker access to cash for investment in other assets. They should also pay attention to their Accounts Receivable Turnover and aim to reduce this. Liquidity: Whilst Safety Styles Current ratio and Quick asset ratio is declined they are both still very healthy numbers. Safety Styles non-current assets have been increasing annually. They may want to pay attention to reducing their inventory levels and accounts receivable to give them more cash and the opportunity to invest into non-current assets or reduce their liabilities as they currently has a low level of cash compared to inventory and accounts receivable. This will make the company more â€Å"liquid† in the short term. Safety Styles also has a very healthy quick asset ratio compared to the industry standard of 2. It should be noted that Safety Styles currently do not have a high level of liabilities and seem to be maintaining their levels of dent in relation to their assets Capital Structure: Safety Styles currently have a very low gearing ratio and are using retained earnings for most of their financing. External sources of financing will be a benefit to Safety Styles to help them grow and invest in additional non-current assets. Executive Summary Safety Styles appear to be utilizing their assets and equity very well currently to help produce their profit and maintain both healthy gross and net profit. If this is maintained they should be able to repay their long term liabilities and possibly improve their current asset liquidity. ? Appendix Formulas †¢Return on Assets = (Net profit before interest and taxation / Average total assets) x 100 †¢Return on Equity = (Net profit after tax and preference dividends / average ordinary shareholder’s funds) x 100 †¢Gross Profit Margin = (Gross profit / sales) x 100 Net Profit Margin = (Net profit before interest and taxation / sales) x 100 †¢Asset Turnover Ratio = ( Sales / Average Total Assets) †¢Inventory Turnover = (Average inventory / cost of sales) x 365 †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover = (Average accounts receivable / credit sales) x 365 †¢Current Ratio = (Current assets / current liabilities) †¢Quick Asset Ratio = (Current assets (exclu ding Inventory and prepayments) / current liabilities) †¢Gearing Ratio = (Long-term liabilities / share capital + reserves + long-term liabilities) x 100 Ratio definitions †¢Return on Assets The Return on Assets (ROA) demonstrates how effectively a company is using its assets to generate profit. The higher the ROA the better as the company is earning more off less investment †¢Return on Equity oThe Return on Equity (ROE) demonstrates the amount of net profit generated as a percentage of the shareholders equity. A higher ROE is better as it displays how much profit is generated based on shareholder investment. †¢Gross Profit Margin oThe Gross Profit Margin (GPM) is used to display the percentage difference between sales and the cost of sales before any other costs are factored in. A higher GPM is better as the company is making a higher profit off its sales †¢Net Profit Margin oThe Net Profit Margin (NPM) is used to display the net profit as a percentage of the revenue generated. A higher NPM is better as it indicates a more profitable company and how effective a company is at controlling its costs †¢Asset Turnover Ratio oThe Asset turnover Ratio (ATR) displays how well a business can use its assets in generating sales or revenue. A higher ATR is better as it demonstrates the amount of dollars generated by one dollar of the company’s assets †¢Inventory Turnover The Inventory Turnover formula display how often the company sells and replaces its inventory. A low Inventory turnover is preferred as this means cash is not being held in inventory, is producing more revenue and has access to an ongoing source of cash †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover oThe Accounts Receivable turnover displays the average settlement period (days) credit purchas ed are settled by the customer. A shorter average settlement period is preferred as this means funds are not tied up and can be †¢Current Ratio This ratio is compares a company’s current assets and current liabilities to measure the liquidity. A higher ratio is preferred as it generally means the business can meet their commitments †¢Quick Asset Ratio oThe Quick Asset Ratio (QAR) also known as the â€Å"Acid Test Ratio† measures if a company can meet its short term liabilities with its current assets less its inventory as you can’t always rely on inventory to be converted into cash quickly. A higher ratio means the company is in a better position †¢Gearing Ratio The Gearing Ratio (GR) measures how much capital is financed by long term finance. A high gearing ratio means a company will depend of long term loans, a low gearing ratio displays higher reliance on financing through equity investment. Typically a high level of gearing means a higher leve l of risk for the company. Ratio Calculations †¢Return on Assets o2010 – (647 / ((2122 + 2163) /2)) x 100 o2011 – (685 / ((2233 + 2122) /2)) x 100 o2012 – (712 / ((2291 + 2233) /2)) x 100 †¢Return on Equity o2010 – (585 / ((1774 + 1813) /2)) x 100 2011 – (619 / ((1865 + 1774) /2)) x 100 o2012 – (644 / ((1916 + 1865) /2)) x 100 †¢Gross Profit Margin o2010 – (2321 / 4033) x 100 o2011 – (2834 / 4928) x 100 o2012 – (2875 / 4963) x 100 †¢Net Profit Margin o2010 – (647 / 4033) x 100 o2011 – (685 / 4928) x 100 o2012 – (712 / 4963) x 100 †¢Asset Turnover Ratio o2010 – (4033 / ((2122 + 2163) / 2)) o2011 – (4928 / ((2233 + 2122) / 2)) o2012 – (4963 / ((2291 + 2233) / 2)) †¢Inventory Turnover o2010 – (((((216 + 175) + (223 + 283)) / 2) / 1712) x 365) o2011 – (((((235 + 298) + (223 + 283)) / 2) / 2094) X 365) 2012 – (((((235 + 298) + (230 + 325)) / 2) / 2088) X 365) †¢Accounts Receivable Turnover o2010 – ((((561 + 552) / 2) / 4033) x 365) o2011 – ((((561 + 591) / 2) / 4928) x 365) o2012 – ((((637 + 591) / 2) / 4963) x 365) †¢Current Ratio o2010 – (1257 / 305) o2011 – (1324 / 323) o2012 – (1272 / 325) †¢Quick Asset Ratio o2010 – (((1257 – (223 + 283)) / 305) o2011 – (((1324 – (235 + 298)) / 323) o2012 – (((1272 – (230 + 325)) / 325) †¢Gearing Ratio o2010 – (((43 / (70 + 1704 + 43)) x 100) o2011 – (((45 / (70 + 1795 + 45)) x 100) o2012 – (((50 / (70 + 1846+ 50)) x 100) How to cite Cis11 Assessment 1, Essay examples

Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention

Question: Discuss about the Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Answer: Introduction: Multiple studies have demonstrated that persons identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual and intersexual (GLBTI) have greater vulnerability to various mental health issues in Australia (Australia Human Rights Commission, 2016). In particular, these individuals are most affected by anxiety, suicidal, and depression behaviours (Eisenberg Resnick, 2006; Johnson et al., 2013). Consequently, there is a considerable gap in addressing the psychological suffering of the GLBTI people, who incidentally experience excessively mental health problems than the general Australian population. According to Rosenstreich (2013) and Beyondblue (2014), the Australian government has not put in place adequate measures to address some of these predisposing factors to the negative mental health problems amongst the GLBTI. For instance, this category of the population continues to experience significant discriminating, isolation and social exclusion, reluctance to access assistance, and the failure of the common health approaches as well as prevention interventions that are inclusive of the GLBTI individuals and their needs. Barrett and Stephens (2012) observe that presently, the idea that treating each and every Australian the same is best practice is considered to be the single biggest barrier to change in GLBTI mental health. Moreover, recent studies reveal that this policy of equal treatment seems to reinforce the plight of the GLBTI mental health and thus, it is argued that the policy is not sufficient in addressing the problem. In this paper, the factors contributing to the GLBTI persons having high suicidal rates and one of the strategies that have been adopted to address these factors in Australia are discoursed. It is important to note that GLBTI young adults and teenagers have the highest suicidal attempts (Bagley Tremblay, 2000). According to Simone et al. (2011), this high suicidal rate is associated with institutionalized homophia and heterocentric cultures. Furthermore, studies have indicated that drug use and depression among the GLBTI people have both increased significantly after the passage of new laws that tend to discriminate them in the general populace, for example the illegalization of same-sex marriages. Ideally, in as much as such laws tend to reflect the social structure of the general population, these statutes end up alienating the GLBTI and consequently, pushing them to depression and drug use. Incidentally, a recent study has shown that the prevalence of suicidal thoughts, depression, and diagnosed anxiety amongst GLBTI in Australia is 25%, 47%, and 45% respectively (Smith et al., 2014). The researcher explicates that amongst the respondents that had previously reported of having expereinced discrimination, abuse, or harassment, 80% had considered harming themselves, 70% had already harmed themselves in one way or another, 37% had made a suicide attempt, and 81% had thought of committing suicide. Parenthetically, this empirical evidence demonstrates clearly that suicide behaviour amongst GLBTI is a significant problem that requires urgent intervention by the relevant stakeholders in mental health care, particularly the Australian government. Subsequently, studies have indicated that there are several factors that contribute to the high incidences of suicidal attempts and suicidal ideation amongst GLBTI people (King et al., 2008; Hatzenbuehler, 2011). Some of the identified factors include developmental stressors such as self-identifying, discrimination and prejudice, and isolation (Smith et al., 2003; Quinn, 2003). According to Nicholas and Howard (1998), self-identifying in early adulthood and adolescence has the potential of putting GLBI individuals at a greater risk for suicide attempt, substance abuse, and psychological difficulties. For instance, a study carried out by Smith et al. (2003) has indicated that same-sex attracted men in Australia that have not acted on their sexual desires have an increased psychological distress which may at times contribute to suicidal attempts and ideation. In another similar study, Meyer, Teyla and Schwartz (2014) establish that suicide attempts in GLBTI individuals often tend to occur more or less at the same time as the self-identifying stage. In contrast, discrimination and prejudice, according to McDaniel, Purcell, and D'Augelli (2011), may result in hostility, self-hatred, and shame, particularly as the individual internalizes homophobia. For instance, research reveals that bullied or victimized GLBTI students have two and half times potential of harming themselves as opposed to those not found in this category of the population (Liu Mustanski, 2012). In a recent Australian study, Symons et al. (2014) found out that the experience of homophobic bullying alongside low self-acceptance levels among gender diverse and same-sex students was predictive of anxiety, stress, and depression. Overall, the average levels of depression for the said students were found to have a moderate range whereas anxiety was reported to be in the moderate -severe range. On the other hand, the study revealed that stress was at mild-moderate levels. Moreover, the individuals recognized as gay indicated a higher sexual assault risk while those who had suffered physical assault were found to be having a higher risk of suicidal behaviour. Incidentally, the GLBTI people that reside in the rural areas have been found to be at an elevated risk of mental health problems as opposed to those found in the urban areas (Quinn, 2003). The researcher explicates that this increased risk is accompanied by a greater experience of homophobia and isolation as well as a declined sense of support and community services. In many occasions, suicide is significantly complex and problematic to predict. Nonetheless, as pointed out earlier, there are several environmental, psychosocial, and biochemical factors that are believed to have a close association with augmented risk. The Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA) (2007) elucidates that not all of the identified risk factors suffered by the GLBTI individuals may necessarily be linked to sexual identity and sexual orientation. Ideally, the issues of gender identity and sexual orientation may play a proximal and interrelate with several other risk factors, the majority of which are also typical to the people of Australia in general (Patel et al., 2007). According to Pitts et al. (2006), empirical evidence also reveal that alcohol consumption as well as other substance use among the GLBTI individuals tends to recur more at harmful levels as opposed to the Australian population in general. Accordingly, this trend may further increase the potential of the GLBTI people experiencing mental health problems, suicide, and self-harm. Multiple research typically highlight the differences in substance use based on identification as GLBTI and age, urban versus rural, scene/non-scene, and clubbers (Howard et al., 2006). In general, the GLBTI people use more substances than those in the general population. Besides experiencing most of the self-harm and suicide risk factors mentioned in the preceding discussion, the majority of researchers agree that social isolation continues to be among the most predominant risk factors for the GLBTI people (Williamson, 2000). Social scholars also point out that, in contrast to religious and racial minorities, GLBTI people do not usually share their minority statuses with their family because the majority of them generally have cisgender, heterosexual parents. Consequently, this isolation contributes to increased depression and eventual suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts. Incidentally, the government of Australia has in the recent years been more keen in mitigating the various risk factors associated with high suicidal incidences among the GLBTI than the general population by adopting and implementing various strategies (Suicide Prevention Australia (2009). One of the strategies that the government has implemented is the extensive use of the mainstream media, particularly the information communication technology (ICT) as a platform for GLBTI health promotion. The Australian government recognizes the Internet as an essential tool for reaching a large number of marginalized and otherwise traditionally difficult to reach groups in the country so far as the provision of government services such healthcare is concerened (Drabble, Keatley, Marcelle, 2003; Burns et al. (2007). Thus, to deliver important mental healthcare programs to the GLBTI communities, the government of Australia has made a significant investment in its ICT infrastructure, for example go vernment Websites. The Websites provide relevant content that enables the GLBTI communities to learn about the different ways they can manage their mental health as well as the information on how to access government support in mental health. Subsequently, research supports the theory that the GLBTI communities utilize the Internet as a main means of acquiring and learning more insights concerning gender identity and sexuality (Hegland Nelson, 2002). Moreover, the Internet also offers the GLBTI communities with an opportunity to interact with their peers through the active engagement in social networks and online communities, thereby overcoming the isolation risk factor. Hegland and Nelson (2002) observe that the positive self-esteem acquired from the experiences of online community engagement facilitate the GLBTI people, particularly the youth, to become confident during the coming out to both their families as well as friends and in search of offline assistance to encourage them in accepting their sexuality and gender identity issues. In more recent time, studies have also established the importance of online involvement to the older people, demonstrating that the elderly GLBTI could benefit significantly from the Internet support and intervention (Aguilar, Boerema Harrison, 2010). Overall, ICT provides a significant potential when it comes to suicide prevention and mental health promotion for GLBTI people who encounter considerable problems in accessing the relevant insights and support in the sphere of sexuality and gender identity because of stigmatization, including the sensitive of these challenges. In conclusion, it is clear from the preceding discourse that indeed, the individuals who identify as GLBTI have higher suicidal rates than the general Australian population. The various risk factors attributed to this situation include prejudice and isolation, and developmental stressors such as self-identifying. Accordingly, studies have established that in one way or another, these risk factors have the potential of influencing the mental health of GLBTI communities, including the emergence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts. To mitigate these risk factors, the Australian government has adopted the extensive use of ICT as one of the strategies to prevent GLBTI people from attempting suicide or developing suicidal ideation. The ICT infrastructure, for example the government websites, have focused on providing GLBTI individuals with the relevant information concerning their mental health and thus, encouraged the decline in suicide rates. References Aguilar, A., Boerema, C., Harrison, J. (2010). Meanings attributed by older adults to computer use. Journal of Occupational Science, 17(1), 27-33. Australia Human Rights Commission (2016). Face the facts: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People | Australian Human Rights Commission. (2016). Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2016, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/face-facts-lesbian-gay-bisexual-trans-and-intersex-people Bagley, C., Tremblay, P. (2000). Elevated rates of suicidal behavior in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 21(3), 111. Barrett, C., Stephens, K. (2012). Beyond: We treat everyone the same. A report on the 2010 2011 program: How2 create a gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex inclusive service. Melbourne, Australia: Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria Beyondblue. (2014). "Take Action" depression campaign for gay, bisexual and questioning men: Campaign overview. Melbourne, Australia: Beyondblue. Burns, J., Morey, C., Lagele, A., Mackenzie, A., Nicholas, J. (2007). Reach Out! Innovation in service delivery. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S31-S34. Department of Health and Ageing (2007). Living is For Evryone (LIFE) Research and Evidence in Suicide Prevention. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Drabble, L., Keatley, J., Marcelle, G. (2003). Progress and opportunities in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health communications. Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs, 20(2), 205-227. Eisenberg, M. E., Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of adolescent health, 39(5), 662-668. Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2011). The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 127(5), 896-903. Hegland, J. E., Nelson, N. J. (2002). Cross-dressers in cyber-space: Exploring the Internet as a tool for expressing gendered identity. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 7(2-3), 139-161. Howard, J., Arcuri, A., Aggleton, P., Ball, A., Mane, P. (2006). Drug use among same-sex attracted young people. Sex, drugs and young people: International perspectives, 101-119. Johnson, R. B., Oxendine, S., Taub, D. J., Robertson, J. (2013). Suicide prevention for LGBT students. New Directions for Student Services, 2013(141), 55-69. King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC psychiatry, 8(1), 1. Liu, R. T., Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal Ideation and Self-Harm in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 221-228. McDaniel, J. S., Purcell, D., D'Augelli, A. R. (2011). The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: Research findings and future directions for research and prevention. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 84-105. Meyer, I. H., Teylan, M., Schwartz, S. (2014). The Role of Helpà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Seeking in Preventing Suicide Attempts among Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, e-publication. Nicholas, J., Howard, J. (1998). Better dead than gay? Depression, suicide ideation and attempt among a sample of gay and straight-identified males aged 18 to 24. Youth Studies Australia, 17, 28-33. Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., McGorry, P. (2007). Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. The Lancet, 369(9569), 1302-1313. Quinn, K. (2003). Rural suicide and same-sex attracted youth: Issues, Interventions, and implications for rural counsellors. Rural and Remote Health, 3, 1-6. Rosenstreich, G. (2013). LGBTI people mental health and suicide. Sydney: The National LGBTI Health Alliance. Simone, M. D., Mark, J., Appelbaum, M. D., Jonathan, S. (2011). Addressing the needs of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. Clinical Geriatrics, 19(2), 38. Smith, A. M. A., Rissel, C. E., Richters, J., Grulich, A. E., de Visser, R. O. (2003). Sex in Australia: Sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience among a representative sample of adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 138-145. Smith, E., Jones, T., Ward, R., Dixon, J., Mitchell, A., Hillier, L. (2014). From blues to rainbows: Mental health and wellbeing of gender diverse and transgender young people in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health, and Society. Suicide Prevention Australia (2009). Position Statement: Suicide and Self-harm among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Communities. Leichardt, NSW. Symons, C., Borkoles, E., Andersen, M., Polman, R. (2014). The impact of homophobic bullying during sport and physical education participation on same sex attracted and gender questioning young Australians' depression and anxiety levels. Melbourne, Australia: Victoria University. Williamson, I. R. (2000). Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health education research, 15(1), 97-107.