Chlorophyll lab report Essay Example

Chlorophyll lab report Paper The polar absorbent material in the column separated the different pigments by allowing the least polar molecules to travel through the column faster than the more polar molecules. The different pigment layers were collected, dried, and their weights were recorded. -carotene was the least polar molecule, and it traveled through the column faster than the chlorophyll. Chlorophyll-A was next to travel through the column followed by chlorophyll-B. Because chlorophyll-A is more polar than -carotene and less polar than chlorophyll-B, this observation is reasonable. Introduction -carotene is a yellow-orange pigment found primarily in fruits and vegetables. -carotene is a carotene that is effective in preventing sunburn in sun-sensitive people, reducing the risk of breast cancer and other diseases, preventing asthma attacks caused by exercise, as well as many other uses. Chlorophyll is the green, light-capturing pigment found in plants. Chlorophyll (like home in red blood cells) is an example of porphyry. In this experiment, chlorophyll and -carotene were isolated using the technique of column chromatography. Column chromatography is a method used to separate and purify components in a mixture. In gravity column chromatography (used in this experiment), a arterial glass column is packed with a polar absorbent and a solvent. Then the sample is allowed to pass through the column, which separates the different components. In this experiment, pigment components were dehydrated and extracted from spinach, and the extracts were passed through a glass column using column chromatography. The absorbent allowed some molecules to travel faster through the column. We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chlorophyll lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The separate bands were collected and recorded. Hypothesis This method will be successful in extracting chlorophyll and carotene pigments. Reaction/Experimental Setup List of Reagents Reagent Molar Mass(g/mol) Boiling Point(Celsius) Melting Point(Celsius) Density Safety Data acetone 58. 08 56 _ 95 0. 791 g/CM Highly flammable, irritant hexane 86. 18 68. 5 -96 0. 6548 g/ml Flammable, corrosive methanol 32. 04 64. 7 -97. 6 0. 7918 g/CM Anhydrous sodium sulfate 142. 04 1429 2. 664 Exposure would cause minor irritation Pre-Lab Questions There were no pre-lab questions for the experiment. Procedures Observations egg of spinach was placed in a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask 0 150 ml of 100% ethanol was added D the mixture was stirred for 3 minutes C] the liquid was decanted into a 250-ml beaker D 50 ml of deceleration was added to the engaging spinach and stirred for 3 minutes O the mixture was filtered through a plug of glass wool into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask 50 ml of deceleration was added two more times and filtered 0 the deceleration extracts were combined O the deceleration extracts were poured into a separators funnel C] 50 ml of saturated Nasal was added and shaken C] the lower (deceleration) layer was collected in a flask C] Cacao was added and swirled D the solution was decanted into a beaker containing g of silica gel the solution was stored and allowed to dry 0 a glass column was obtained 0 a small plug of glass wool was shushed to the bottom 0 100 ml of hexane was added t] sand was poured in the top to form a 1 -CM layer on the glass wool a slurry of egg of sil ica and hexane was added to the column D the crude extract was added on top O the extract was eluted using hexane O the yellow -carotene was collected in a flask O the elution continued with a 1:1 mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate 0 chlorophyll-A and chlorophyll-B were collected in separate flasks 0 the pigments were covered, stored, and allowed to dry the total weight of the flasks were recorded 0 the dry pigment extracts were dissolved with deceleration 0 the extracts were oared into separate vials C] the flasks were re-weighed without the extracts C] the total weight of the pigment extracts were calculated and recorded Results The first band of pigment that was collected from the column was -carotene. The second band collected from the column was chlorophyll-A. Chlorophyll-B was the last band collected from the column. After each band was collected in separate flasks, they were allowed to dry and then weighed. The total weight of each pigment layer was recorded in the table bel ow. Pigment Ref Value Chlorophyll a 0. 61 Chlorophyll b 0. 52 Cartooned 0. 93 Oceanography 0. 37 Weight of Pigment Collected Chlorophyll-A Chlorophyll-B -carotene 0. 04 g 0. 05 g Discussion As a result of the absorbent (the silica slurry) being polar, different molecules were allowed to pass through the column at different rates. The different rates of the molecules cause the different pigments to be separated in bands along the column. The polar absorbent is attracted to polar substances, and it binds to these molecules, which slow them down in the column. The non-polar -carotene had weak interactions with the polar absorbent. Therefore, the -carotene band traveled very fast through the column, and this layer was collected first. The layer f chlorophyll-A was collected next. Chlorophyll-A is more polar than -carotene but less polar than chlorophyll-B. Therefore the chlorophyll-A band traveled slower than the -carotene, but faster than chlorophyll-B. Finally, chlorophyll- B is the most polar substance. The interactions were very strong with the polar absorbent, which caused this layer to travel very slowly down the column. The solvent (hexane) is used to affect the separation process. Hexane is a non- polar organic compound. Therefore, it does not interact at all with the polar absorbent. When the non-polar solvent is added to the top of the column, over he sample, the polar molecules are more attracted to the absorbent than the solvent. This causes the polar molecules to be left at the top of the column while the non-polar molecules travel down the column. This is what causes the molecules to separate in bands. In order to get the polar molecules to travel down the column, a more polar solvent (hexane and ethyl acetate mixture) would be used. Due to the fact that both -carotene and chlorophyll are both extremely sensitive to photochemical air oxidation, the solutions must be protected from excess light and air. The solvents used in this experiment are very flammable. Therefore, no flames can be used to speed up this process. Conclusion The two columns used in this experiment were successful in separating out the different pigments in the spinach that was provided. The TTL plate made the different pigments very clear to see under the UP light, and the iodine chamber re-enforced with the UP light was showing. From the TTL place was able to see carotenes, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b, oceanography, as well as some other pigments there were not listed in the lab book.

From Argonaut to Internaut

From Argonaut to Internaut From Argonaut to Internaut From Argonaut to Internaut By Maeve Maddox The combining form -naut gives English several words that convey a type of traveler. The Greek word for sailor was ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ€žÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (nautes). Classical Latin mesonauta referred to a sailor â€Å"intermediate in rank between a rower and a steersman.† Classical Latin Argonauta referred to the sailors who traveled with Jason in the Argo (his ship). The earliest â€Å"naut word† in English is the noun Argonaut (1596): one of the legendary heroes who accompanied Jason in the Argo in his quest of the Golden Fleece. Because of their quest for gold, the US â€Å"forty-niners† (gold-seekers who went to California in 1849) were also referred to as argonauts. Here, with the date of their earliest citation in the OED, are some other â€Å"naut words† in English: aeronaut (1784) A person who makes balloon ascents or flies in a balloon, a balloonist. aquanaut (1881) An underwater ‘explorer’ or swimmer. astronaut (1928) A person who travels in space; especially a person who is (or has been) a crewmember on board a spacecraft or on a space mission. cosmonaut (1959) A traveler in outer space; an astronaut (especially a Russian space traveler). cybernaut (1965) A robot (1973) A computer user (1990) A person who interacts with a virtual reality environment using computer technology internaut (1992) A user of the Internet, especially a skilled or habitual one. Note: Internaut first shows on the Ngram Viewer in 1991 and leaps upward from there. In French, the word internaute is the equivalent of â€Å"internet user.† According to Wikipedia, English internaut â€Å"refers to operators or technically highly capable users of the Internet,† but internaut as a one-word option for â€Å"internet user† has its appeal. oceanaut (1962) Another word for aquanaut. If you are wondering why juggernaut is not in the list of â€Å"naut words,† here’s your answer. The naut in juggernaut is not the combining form that means sailor or traveler. It’s an accident of spelling. In Hindu religion, Jaggernaut is a title of Krishna. The title derives from Hindi Jagannath, â€Å"Lord of the world.† In an annual ceremony, a representation of this incarnation is carried in procession by an enormous vehicle. The ritual is especially associated with the town of Puri in India. According to legend, devotees there once allowed themselves to be crushed under the wheels of the cart in sacrifice. The word juggernaut is used figuratively to mean, â€Å"anything that demands blind devotion or merciless sacrifice and â€Å"a massive inexorable force or object that advances irresistibly and crushes whatever is in its path.† For example, Donald  Trump  is a  political juggernaut  with a carnival barkers draw.- Dallas News Game of Thrones: Can HBO’s Juggernaut Maintain Its Momentum?- The Fiscal Times. In the following examples, the word unstoppable is redundant: The big unstoppable juggernaut proved the inspiration for so many players- Independent (Ireland) At first glance the Argonaut High girls  basketball  team looks like an  unstoppable juggernaut.  Auburn Journal Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper